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1.
J. pediatr. (Rio J.) ; 83(2,supl): S3-S10, May 2007. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-453976

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Examinar as necessidades hídricas (água livre de eletrólitos) a serem consideradas quando da administração de fluidos de manutenção na criança em estado grave. Analisamos algumas das dificuldades na estimativa desses requisitos, e discutimos as controvérsias a respeito das recomendações tradicionais. FONTES DOS DADOS: MEDLINE (1966-2007),Embase (1980-2007), e Cochrane Library, usando os termos: “fluidoterapia”, “solução hipotônica”, “isotônica”, e sinônimos ou termos relacionados. SíNTESE DOS DADOS: A solução de manutenção e regime de fluido ideais permanecem um ponto de controvérsia em pediatria. As recomendações tradicionais para fluidos de manutenção são cada vez mais criticadas por não se aplicarem consistentemente à doença aguda, onde o gasto de energia e a necessidade de eletrólitos se desviam significantemente das estimativas originais. Apresentamos uma estrutura fisiologicamente fundamentada para a prescrição de fluidos de manutenção, com o objetivo de manter a tonicidade em equilíbrio, e administrar o volume mínimo de fluidos de manutenção necessário para manter a hemodinâmica. Discutimos também as indicações para soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas. CONCLUSÕES: As prescrições de fluidos de manutenção devem ser individualizadas. Não existe uma solução endovenosa única e ideal para todas as crianças durante todas as fases da doença, mas há evidências suficientes para sugerir que a escolha empírica mais segura é uma solução isotônica. As soluções hipotônicas devem ser consideradas apenas se o objetivo é alcançar um equilíbrio positivo de água livre. As crianças em estado grave podem necessitar de uma redução de até 40-50 por cento dos volumes de manutenção atualmente recomendados. Todos os pacientes que receberem fluidos endovenosos devem ser monitorados bem de perto, com pesagem diária, equilíbrio dos fluidos, controle dos parâmetros bioquímicos e clínicos, a fim de melhor orientar esta terapia.


OBJECTIVE: To examine electrolyte-free water requirements that should be considered when administering maintenance fluids in a critically ill child. We examine some of the difficulties in estimating these requirements, and discuss the controversies with respect to the traditional recommendations. SOURCES: MEDLINE (1966-2007), Embase (1980-2007), and the Cochrane Library, using the terms: “fluid therapy”, “hypotonic”, “isotonic solution”, and synonyms or related terms. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: The ideal maintenance solution and fluid regimen remains a topic of heated debate in pediatrics. The traditional recommendations for maintenance fluids are increasingly criticized as they do not consistently apply in acute illness, where energy expenditure and electrolyte requirements deviate significantly from the original estimates. A physiologically based framework for prescribing maintenance fluids is presented, with the objective of maintaining tonicity balance, and infusing the minimum volume of maintenance fluid required to maintain hemodynamics. Indications for isotonic and hypotonic solutions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Maintenance fluid prescriptions should be individualized. No single intravenous solution is ideal for every child during all phases of illness, but there is evidence to suggest that the safest empirical choice is an isotonic solution. Hypotonic solutions should only be considered if the goal is to achieve a positive free-water balance. Critically ill children may require a reduction by as much as 40-50 percent of the currently recommended maintenance volumes. All patients receiving intravenous fluids should be monitored closely with daily weights, fluid balances, biochemical and clinical parameters in order to best guide this therapy.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Critical Care/standards , Fluid Therapy/standards , Hospitalization , Hyponatremia/therapy , Water-Electrolyte Balance/physiology , Critical Illness , Guideline Adherence , Hypotonic Solutions , Hyponatremia/etiology , Infusions, Intravenous , Isotonic Solutions/administration & dosage , Sodium/blood
2.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2003 Dec; 70(12): 969-73
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-82589

ABSTRACT

The debate concerning the choice of crystalloids or colloids for resuscitation of the critically ill child is still unsettled. Moreover, the use of albumin in critically ill patients has been increasingly questioned because of the lack of clear-cut advantages over crystalloids as well as the concern for cost and the very minor risk of infection. Despite several meta-analyses addressing these issues, there is no data that supports the use of albumin unequivocally in any specific disease states. The suggestion that the use of albumin increases mortality in critically ill patients is not supported by data. There may be niche areas such as hypoalbuminic states, cirrhosis and burns where albumin may have distinct benefits. Alternatively synthetic colloids may be useful, however, concerns about coagulation problems and organ dysfunction persists.


Subject(s)
Blood Volume , Child , Colloids/therapeutic use , Critical Care , Forecasting , Humans , Isotonic Solutions , Plasma Substitutes/therapeutic use , Serum Albumin/therapeutic use
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